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SD 373 
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Copy 1 



STATE OF NEW YORK 

jTorcst, f ieb a^^ Game Commission 



JAMES S. WHIPPLE 

Commissioner 



WILLIAM F. FOX 

Superintendent of Forests 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR 



REFORESTING LAND 



By C R. PETTIS 

Forester 




ALBANY 

J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTEKS 

1909 




Book Ms 



STATE OF NEW YORK 

jforeet, Jfisb ant) 6amc (Tonimtssion 



JAMES S. WHIPPLE 

Commissioner 



WILLIAM F. FOX 

Superintendent of Forests 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR 



REFORESTING LAND 



By C R, PETTIS 

Forester 




ALBANY 

J. B. LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 

1909 



\^ 



INSTRUCTIONS FOR REFORESTING LAND. 



Introductory. 

The requests for some information as to the best methods of 
reforesting land have become so numerous that it seems advisable 
to issue a pamphlet containing directions regarding the work. 

So many of our people are now ready to undertake tree planting 
operations that some definite, detailed instructions for their use 
should be supplied. Hence we have combined here in one publica- 
tion directions showing how to secure planting stock, what to plant, 
where to plant, when to plant, how to plant, and some information 
as to the results that may be expected. 

How to Secure Stock. 

The Forestry Department of the State of New York maintains 
several large nurseries for the propagation of forest tree seedlings 
and transplants — pine, spruce and other species — for reforesting 
the public lands and for distribtition at a nominal price among 
land owners in this State who ma}* A\ish to undertake reforesting 
operations on their own account. The price of these seedlings and 
transplants is small, being placed at the bare cost, but varies with 
the age of the plant and species. 

Any land owner who desires trees for planting land in order to 
raise a forest can secure them while there is a supply on hand by 
making application to this Conmiission. 



4 

The application blank for 1909 was as follows: 

J'orest, fisb an& Game Commission 

Albany, N. Y. 

Gentlemen. — The undersigned hereby applies for the following 

number and kinds of trees for planting in the town of 

County of State of Xev\- York: 

White pine transplants at $4.25 per 1 ,000, f. o. b., Saranac 

Inn, N. Y. 
White pine seedlings at S2.25 per 1,000, f. o. b., Saranac 

Inn, N. Y. 
Scotch pine transplants at S3 . 75 per i ,000, f. o. b., Saranac 

Inn, N. Y. 
Scotch pine seedlings at $2.25 per i.ooo, f. o. b , Saranac 

Inn, N. Y. 

DESCRIPTION OF LAND TO BE PLANTED. 

Topography 

Original growth 

Present growth 

Previous use of land 

Kind of soil 

In consideration of granting this ayjplication for trees at the 
price stated, the undersigned hercliy agrees: 

1. To pay the purchase price of the trees to said Forest, Fish 
and Game Commission within ten days after the granting of this 
application. 

2. That the trees hereby applied for shall be used by the under- 
signed for the sole purpose of reforesting lands within the State of 
New York. 

3. That the trees shall not be sold, offered for sale, or given away 
by the said applicant, or his agents, to any person. 



4. That the trees shall be planted in accordance with instruc- 
tions furnished by the Forest, Fish and Game Commission. 

5. That the applicant shall furnish the Forest, Fish and Game 
Commission from time to time, when asked for, reports in regard 
to the condition of such plantings. 

Signed 

P. O 

190 Express office 

It w411 be noted that this application is a contract made w4th 
this Commission. The first clause calls for payment w^ithin ten days 
after the trees are granted. This gives us the opportunity to resell 
any trees that the applicants do not pay for within that time. The 
second clause is necessary because the law under which this work 
is done requires that the trees shall be used for reforesting purposes. 
No trees will be sold for ornamental planting. The third clause 
prevents speculation and the interference with our work. The 
fourth clause simply means that applicants should follow the 
directions given in this pamphlet in regard to planting. The fifth 
clause asks that reports stating the condition of the plantation be 
made to this office, such information being desirable in order to 
secure data in regard to the work for the benefit of others. 

What and Where to Plant. 

The soil where the planting is to be done will, in a measure, 
determine what kind of trees should be used. The growth already 
on the land where the planting is to be done indicates the age or 
size of the stock to be used. 

Relation of Species and Soils. — No complete directions covering 
such a large stibject can be given in any small pamphlet, and in 
some cases examination of the land would be desirable before 
giving advice. There are, however, a few points that can be dis- 
cussed generally here. 



TI Jiitc Pine. — This species is usually foimd on sandy or light 
soils, bt:t it will do well on any land that is well drained. It will 
thrive in good soil as well as any other tree when once established. 
The better the soil, the stronger its growth will be. 

Scotch. Pine. — On the poorest, sterile soils the Scotch and red 
pine makes a faster growth than white pine, but the timber in these 
species is not as valuable. These trees are particularly adapted to 
such sites because they have a long root which goes deep in the 
ground. The white pine is preferable, but on the poorest soils the 
Scotch pine wall make a more rapid growth.. 

Spruce. — Our native spruce is a slow-growing tree and difficult 
to propagate. It develops so slowly that its use is not recommended. 
The Norway spruce, which is used extensivel}' abroad, is a much 
faster grower and is equally desirable in all respects. It should be 
used wherever spruce is to be planted. The spruces all require soil 
of moderate quality, and should not be planted on sandy lands. 
They will withstand a large amount of shade, and their use is 
preferable for underplanting in an existing forest. It is also better 
adapted than most of our conifers for planting in swamps or wet 
locations. 

Hardivoods. — At present we are not growing hardwoods in our 
nurseries; but in the Spring of igog we will sow a quantity of 
black locust and yellow poplar seed for distribution in 1910. 

Whenever it is desired to raise oak or chestnut the acorn or nut 
should be planted directly in the field where the future tree is 
desired. 

Size of Coniferous Plants Used.— ■ The smaller the tree that can be 
planted and succeed, the cheaper the work can be done and the 
greater profit finally secured. There is less shock in moving small 
plants than large ones, which makes the risk and expense in plant- 
ing smaller trees less. The size of tree required in order to succeed 
will be determined b}' the amount and nature of the vegetation 
where the planting is to be done, i. e., the amount of competition 
it will encounter in order to grow. Seedlings, two years old, are 



large enough for planting on pasture or other lands where there is 
little or no shade. If, however, there is a heavy growth of weeds, 
or other plants making a dense shade, transplants should be used. 
Otherwise, there will be too many failures. 

When to Plant. 

Planting is best done in the spring, as early as possible, so that 
the trees may secure the benefit of the spring rains and become 
well rooted before the season's growth takes place. We will ship 
trees in the spring as early as possible, and they ought to be planted 
at once. 

How to Plant. 

When the trees arrive they should be taken to the planting field 
immediately and unpacked. The roots should be dipped in water 
and the plants " heeled in "; i. e., placed upright in a ditch, and 
the dirt packed tight around the roots. (See illustration.) They 
can be kept in this manner w^hile the planting is in progress. 

The number of men required and the organization of the force 
will depend entirely upon the amount of planting to be done. In 
these directions we will assume that only a small number of trees 
are to be set out — i. e., not over 10,000 plants. For larger opera- 
tions the force must be increased. 

The working unit is two men, one of them equipped with a grub 
hoe, and the other with a pail for carrying the little plants. Two 
men Avorking thus as a pair— one making the hole and the other 
planting the tree — will, after a little experience, set out about 
1,000 transplants or 1,200 seedlings per day. If only a few thou- 
sand trees are to be planted two men can do the work within the 
required time; but if many thousand, several pairs of men will be 
necessary. 

The planting site having been selected, the men with the grub 
hoes will begin making the holes in a straight line across the field. 
It is well to set up a stake, or two, in order that the man digging 



holes can move forward in a straight line. These stakes or poles 
can be moved over and used again when making the next row of 
holes. The planter follows immediately behind the grub-hoe man 
setting a tree in each hole before the exposed soil becomes dry. 
The planter's pail should alw^ays have enough muddy water in the 
bottom to keep the tree roots wet. 

In making a hole, it is well to cut off and remove a thin slice of 
sod, as this gives the plant a better opportunity to grow. The 
hole should be large enough to give room for the roots without 
crowding; but on a light soil the least dirt that is moved in order 
to set the plants properly the better it will be. The plant should 
usually be placed in the ground at the same depth that it was 
before; but on light, sandy soil it may be set slightly deeper. The 
earth should be packed about the roots thoroughly, so that the 
plant will be able to get all the moisture possible from the sur- 
rounding earth. Care should be taken also to place the roots in 
their natural position. 

Special pains should be taken to prevent any exposure of the 
roots to the sun. Once the roots become dry the plants are very 
likely to die. The trees " heeled in " should be kept moist at 
roots. 

The men continue planting back and forth across the field until 
the work is completed. The trees planted in these rows should 
be set at regular distances apart and the rows also at even dis- 
tances in order to properly utilize the soil and light and to secure 
in time the greatest product The spacing varies under different 
conditions, but for general forest planting six feet apart both 
ways is most desirable. When the trees are planted six feet apart 
in the row, and the rows are made six feet distant, it will require 
1,200 trees to plant an acre. It will be readily seen that the 
interval used determines the number of trees required per acre, the 
amount of labor necessary to plant them and the cost per acre of 
the work. 



It is absolutely necessary that a much larger number of trees be 
planted on an acre than would be fotind in a mature forest. A 
close, dense stand of trees is necessary while they are young in 
order to produce a proper development in the future growth. The 
close planting produces a crowded and shaded condition which 
kills oft" the side branches when the trees are small, reduces the 
number and size of the knots and finally makes a higher grade of 
lumber. The dense stand. also causes the trees to grow much 
taller, and hence there will be more logs in a tree. The value of 
this close planting is easily seen when we compare the difterence 
in trees which have naturally grown in a forest with those in the 
open. 

There are, however, other considerations than growing the 
highest possible grade of wood material. We all realize that some 
soils will produce much larger quantities of farm crops than others. 
The land that is most likely to be used for tree planting will be 
the poorer, meager soils of a small productive capacity. Hence, 
in order to make the growing of wood crops profitable, considera- 
tion must be given to the quality and productive capacity of the 
soil where the planting is to be done. If twelve hundred trees 
per acre are planted, we would naturall}' expect to grow a tree 
having a diameter of twelve inches in less time than we would if 
there were seventeen hundred trees per acre. Therefore, in order 
to make planting profitable, we must not only grow good timber 
in dense stand, but at the same time aim at a profitable harvest 
in the shortest possible period. 

Protection of Plantations. 

After the plantation is made it should be protected from fire. 
Any light fire, even if it burns over only the dry grass among the 
little trees will kill or injure them, because their bark is very thin. 
The plantation should be protected also from cattle, sheep or other 
animals. Grazing should not be permitted. 



Value of Planting. 

In the destruction of forests by axe and fire wliicli has been 
taking place in this countr}' ever since settlement began, vast areas 
not adapted to agrictilttiral purposes have been cleared, placed in 
farms, tilled for a time, the soil exhausted and then abandoned. 
These areas are of varying size, but in the aggregate are extensive. 
In some places they include a few acres of an occupied farm; at 
others they embrace entire abandoned farms. This land is lying 
idle, is not producing an}^ revenue for its owner; in fact, is held 
at a loss because taxes must be paid, and the interest on the capi- 
tal invested is lost. A large area of such idle land in any state is 
just as serious an economic proposition as idle labor, because both 
are non-productive. 

Such land shotdd be planted with small trees in order to grow 
forest crops and reap a future profit. The resulting forests will 
also make the country more beautiful, more habitable, more healthful 
and more enjoyable. These forests will protect the hillsides from 
erosion, prevent the floods which carry down debris and devastate 
the low lands, and will make the water in the streams inore ecpable 
in its flow. These streams rendered cooler by the shade will sup- 
port more fish, and the forest cover will also afford a shelter for 
birds and game. We can secure all these benefits, and at the same 
time realize a large profit from these idle lands if they are placed 
under wood crops. 

Natural-grown forests are not the most valuable, because nature 
does not utilize the light and moisture to the best advantage ; but 
by properly spacing the trees, as done in an artificial forest, more 
and better trees can be grown in a shorter period. 

We have not many planted forests in this country old enough 
to give complete information of what can be expected from them. 
Therefore, we have to use natural growth in determining the yields 
from prospective wood crops. The quantity produced will, on the 
average, be less than what would be obtained from planted forests; 
therefore, these figures are conservative. 



II 

We have not yet had time to secure data in regard to the growth 
of white pine in this State, but careful examinations and measui'e- 
ments have been made in New Hampshire and Massachusetts 
which are just as rehable as a basis for computing future growths 
in New York as in those states. 

The following yield table for white pine was constructed after 
examining and measuring 177 sample plats in Massachusetts of 
various ages in all parts of that state: 



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White Piue Seedlings, 2 Years Old, Before Transplanting— i^ Natural Sh 
New York State Nurseries. 




While Pine, 4 Years Olrl, Once Traii'^planted — ^A Natural Size. 
New York State Nurseries. 




Scotch Fine, 4 Years Old, Once Transplanted — ,^4 Natural Size. 
New York State Nurseries. 




Norway Spruce, 4 Years Old, Once Transplanted — 34 Natural Size. 
New York State Nurseries. 





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This table indicates at a s^lance that much more timber can be 
grown in the same period of time on good soil than on poor 
soil. The highest production was found on the rich lowlands, 
where the soil was deep, rich and moist, but withal well drained. 
The upland pasture, our hillsides and upland plateaus, which form 
the largest part of land where wood crops will be planted, is indi- 
cated by soil quality two. The rate of growth here is not far below 
that of soil qualit}^ one, because the pine finds its demands as re- 
gards moisture, food supply, etc., well supplied. The third quality 
of soil consists of the wet, cold, mucky swamps, or the most sterile 
drifting sands. For the purpose of this publication soil of the 
second quality will be considered, because this is the kind of soil 
that will most largely be used for growdng forest, raising crops of 
timber and wood materials. 

The table shows in a most striking manner how the quantity 
of timber increases with the age of the forest. It, therefore, shows 
what a short-sighted policy and poor financial plan it is to cut 
growing forests. It will be seen that a forest thirty years old contains 
nearly tw4ce as much lumber as one twenty-five years of age, or 
a thirty-five-year-old crop three and one-half times as great as 
when harvested at twent3'-five years; also, that while it takes 
twenty-five years to grow the first 6,750 feet of lumber nearly 
40,000 feet more can be grown in a second twenty-five years — i. e., 
allowing the crop to grow fifty years. 

The land owner is also interested in knowing what he may ex- 
pect in the way of financial returns as well as quantity production. 
For this purpose the foUow^ing interesting tables, which were pre- 
pared by the State Forest Service of Massachusetts, are herewith 
published with the permission of Frank Wm. Rane, State Forester 
of Massachusetts: 



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There is profit not only in growing white pine, but also Norway 
spruce and many other kinds of wood. With permission of Mr, 
George Aiken, manager of the Billings farm at Woodstock, Ver- 
mont, we submit the following data in regard to profits derived 
from growing Norway spruce on that farm. One acre was planted 
with three-year-old Norway spruce, eight feet apart each way, 
requiring 289 trees to the acre. The land was poor, sandy hill- 
side, unfit for cultivation. In 1908, when the plantation was 
thirty-two years old, or thirty-five years from seed, four average 
sized trees were cut. Their measurements were as follows: 

No. I 72 ft. hiph, II inch butt cut, 4<'} ft. of logs 6" at top end 

" 2 .S7 " " 15 " " " 47 V " " " " 

" 3 63 " "14 " " " 42 " " " " " " " 

4 67 " " 10 •' " " 40 " " " " " " " 

Four trees produced one cord of pulp wood; or the acre, if cut, 
would have yielded 172^ cords, which at the prices paid there at 
the present time, $6.50 per cord, would give the income from this 
acre $1,120.00 in thirty-two vears. 

Placing the value of the land at $5.00 per acre, cost of trees and 
planting at $5.00 additional, making a first cost of $10.00 per acre 
computed at compound interest would amount to $65.50. To this 
should be added the taxes for the thirty-two years $7.50, making 
a total investment of $73.00, leaves a net income of $1,046.86, or 
a yearly average of $36.72 per acre, from poor, wornout side hill 
pasture land worth about fifty cents per annum for grazing. The 
pulpwood cut here was sold to the International Paper Company, 
who made it into paper at the Bellows Falls Mill. Mr. Edward 
Barrett, superintendent of this mill, reports as follows: " The 
Norway spmce test: One cord of rough wood, 71 sticks 4 feet long, 
after preparing for grinder room, gave us 98 cubic feet. This made 
1,828 pounds of dry woodpulp. The spruce worked nicely on the 
paper machine, and under the same conditions as our regular 
spruce, gave us a higher test for strength and a brighter shade, 
with the same amount of color." 



With all these facts we hope our farmers and woodland owners 
will be impressed with the profit they can derive from planting 
their idle land. 

This Commission is just as much interested in the forests or 
woodlots of any private owner as it is in the great forests of the 
Adirondacks or Catskills, which are under our jurisdiction, and we 
will at all times be glad to render any land owner assistance so far 
as circumstances will permit. 



LE '09 



LIBRARY OF i 




